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The Different Tactics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus to Evade Innate Immunity
Introduction
The Virus
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototype member of the Aphthovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. The virus is the etiologic agent of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a disease of cloven-hoofed animals that often causes extensive epizootics in livestock, mostly farmed cattle and swine, although sheep, goats and over 50 wild species can be affected. FMDV exists as seven distinct serotypes: A, Asia-1, C, O and Southern African Territories 1–3 (SAT 1–3), all including numerous subtypes. High morbidity, and broad diversity have made FMD prevention and control challenging.
Similar to other RNA viruses, FMDV bears an error prone polymerase that causes extensive genetic heterogeneity, allowing its existence as viral quasispecies, a phenomenon that permits virus adaptation to rapidly changing environments in the host (Domingo and Perales, 2018). A det
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Programme Index
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Published in final edited form as: Dev Comp Immunol. 2018 Nov 29;92:260–282. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.020
Abstract
Bivalves, from raw oysters to steamed clams, are popular choices among seafood lovers and once limited to the coastal areas. The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry and improvement in the preservation and transport of seafood have enabled them to be readily available anywhere in the world. Over the years, oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams have been the focus of research for improving the production, managing resources, and investigating basic biological and ecological questions. During this decade, an impressive amount of information using high-throughput genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies has been produced in various classes of the Mollusca group, and it is anticipated that basic and applied research will significantly benefit from this resource. One aspect that is also taking momentum i